Friday, October 31, 2008

Ghajini - Aamir Khan - Official Trailor and movie theme

Ghajini - Aamir Khan - Official Trailor

October 31st, 2008

Ghajini - Aamir Khan - Official Trailor

The exclusive trailor of Ghajini Hindi Movie

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TopNews
Aamir unveils Ghajini trailer
NDTV.com, India - 29 Oct 2008
So, we decided to at least reveal the promo on Diwali," said Aamir Khan. The actor is thrilled with his new film. "After a very long time, I am going to do ...
'Ghajini' is my first action film: Aamir Khan Screen Weekly
Ghajini’s’ promo Hits Hard Bollywood Spice
Action Aamir Calcutta Telegraph
Zee News
all 55 news articles »

Thursday, October 30, 2008

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Wednesday, October 29, 2008

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Monday, October 27, 2008

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World Series Game 4 -- Phillies 10, Rays 2


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World Series Game 4 -- Phillies 10, Rays 2

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If a team with as many good hitters as the Philadelphia Phillies keeps getting chances to blow a game -- or a series -- open, someday they're going to explode. That's what happened in Game 4 tonight as the Phillies hit four home runs on their way to a 10-2 rout and moved within one win of the World Series championship.

Ryan Howard hit two homers and drove in five runs, while Jayson Werth and winning pitcher Joe Blanton also connected in the offensive explosion that made everyone forget the Phils' previous struggles with men in scoring position.

Now, the Phillies will send ace Cole Hamels to the mound tomorrow with a chance to wrap things up in five games. Hamels will be opposed by Rays lefty Scott Kazmir.

The live blog of the game and the running commentary is archived below.

---

Pregame

It's a beautiful night in Philadelphia. The rain that caused last night's 91-minute delay has moved out of the area and with temperatures in the mid-50s, the Phillies and Tampa Bay Rays are set to do battle in Game 4.

The Phillies lead two games to one thanks to a dramatic, 5-4 ninth-inning victory last night and they're hoping to ride that momentum behind starting pitcher Joe Blanton, who was undefeated since being acquire from the Oakland A's at the trade deadline.

On the mound for the Rays is right-hander Andy Sonnanstine, who is 2-0 in the playoffs with a 3.46 ERA.

Top 1st

The wind is a little different tonight and it shows on the first ball put in play. Akinori Iwamura lifts a fly ball down the left field line that seemed to keep carrying and carrying before Pat Burrell gloves it on the warning track. The wind is blowing out just a little bit -- as opposed to last night when it was gusting from left to right.

The Phillies took advantage as the wind knocked down a potential home run to left by the Rays Evan Longoria and helped a pair of homers to right by the Phils' Chase Utley and Ryan Howard.

B.J. Upton strikes out looking and Carlos Pena is retired on a foul out to catcher, giving Blanton an easy first inning. (Rays 0, Phillies 0)

Bottom 1st

And right away the Phillies have a threat going. Jimmy Rollins rips one down the first base line and into the corner for a leadoff double. Although Jayson Werth is retired on a fly to right -- another Phillies out with a runner in scoring position -- Rollins advances to third. Chase Utley walks to bring up Ryan Howard.

REPLAY CONTROVERSY No. 2. Howard hits one right back to the pitcher and Sonnastine has Rollins straying too far off third base. As he runs him back to third, he waits a little too long and Rollins dives back to the bag as Evan Longoria misses the tag ... or does he? The TV replay shows Longoria clearly making contact before Rollins reaches the base. Now the sacks are loaded with only one out.

(Last night, the Rays caught a break when Carl Crawford was safe on a controversial call that replay showed was incorrect.)

The Phillies can't get a hit with men in scoring position, but Sonnanstine walks Pat Burrell -- who's still without a hit in the World Series -- to force in a run. But he escapes further damage by inducing a comebacker from Shane Victorino and retiring Pedro Feliz on a harmless fly to center.

The Phillies take the lead but still must feel like they should have gotten more than one run. (Phillies 1, Rays 0)

Top 2nd

Evan Longoria is now hitless in 13 at-bats in the Series (with seven strikeouts) after whiffing to start the inning. He and Carlos Pena, the Nos. 3 and 4 hitters in the Rays lineup, are a combined 0-for-24 so far.

Manager Joe Maddon was asked before the game if his team could win with those two so unproductive. He didn't give the stock answer, but instead said yes, they could find other ways to win. But of course, it's a lot tougher to do when your big guns aren't firing.

A two-out single by Dioner Navarro goes to waste when Ben Zobrist flies out to center. (Phillies 1, Rays 0)

Bottom 2nd

Jimmy Rollins must like being at home. After going hitless at Tampa Bay, Rollins has four hits already in Philadelphia after singling to right with two outs. But Jayson Werth flies out to strand Rollins at first. (Phillies 1, Rays 0)

Top 3rd

Phillies starter Joe Blanton looks sharp early. He strikes out Jason Bartlett for his fourth K of the game. Not bad for a guy who's not known as a strikeout pitcher. He had a season high of 9 strikeouts, but averaged a rather medicore 5.1 per 9 innings.

Although he gave up a hit to opposing pitcher Andy Sonnanstine (4-for-10 in his career), Blanton escapes with no further damage. (Phillies 1, Rays 0)

Bottom 3rd

For the second time in three innings, the Rays' Andy Sonnanstine is going to have to get an extra out. Rays second baseman Akinori Iwamura boots a rather routine ground ball as leadoff man Chase Utley is aboard.

Ryan Howard singles to right and moves Utley to third with no one out. And here we go again with the runners in scoring position. Just like in the first inning, Burrell can drive in a run without getting a hit. He did then with a bases-loaded walk, but this time his popup is corraled by shortstop Jason Bartlett for the first out. Burrell is now hitless in 10 trips in the Series.

Shane Victorino pops up to short as well, putting the Phillies 2-for-39 with runners in scoring position in the Series (and both of those hits were infield hits).

But all of Citizens Bank Park lets out a sigh of relief when Pedro Feliz rips a single to left field to score Utley with the second run of the game. Make it now 3-for-40! And the error comes back to haunt the Rays.

Iwamura redeems himself somewhat when Carlos Ruiz grounds one up the middle. Even though he can't make a play at second, Iwamura keeps the ball in the infield to prevent a run from scoring. Pitcher Joe Blanton fouls out to first and the Phillies leave the bases loaded. (Phillies 2, Rays 0)

Top 4th

With all due respect to manager Joe Maddon, the Rays simply can't win if Carlos Pena and Evan Longoria aren't contributing. They're a combined 0-for-24 in the World Series. Make it 0-for-25 as Pena strikes out swinging. That's 5 K's for Blanton tonight.

Longoria hits one deep in the hole that Jimmy Rollins fields and fires to first to get the out.

Just when Rays fans were starting to get really worried -- especially with Cole Hamels the Phillies' game 5 starter -- the only Rays player to hit a home run in the Series hits another. Carl Crawford takes a changeup into the second row of the right field seats and the Rays have cut the deficit in half. (Phillies 2, Rays 1)

Bottom 4th

Once again, the Phillies are the beneficiary of some sloppy defensive play. Akinori Iwamura has a Jimmy Rollins grounder go under his glove in what's ruled an error, but could have been called a base hit just as easily. It will be interesting to see if all these missed plays will start to affect Andy Sonnanstine on the mound.

It could be a factor right now as Jayson Werth draws a walk to put runners on first and second with Utley and Howard coming up. This could be the ballgame right here and Joe Maddon senses it as he makes his way to the mound to talk to his pitcher. (Righty Edwin Jackson and lefty Trever Miller are starting to warm in the Rays bullpen. Perhaps Maddon is giving them a little extra time to get ready.)

Whatever Maddon said must have worked as Sonnanstine strikes out Utley for the first out.

LOOK OUT. There's a long one off the bat of Ryan Howard over the left field wall and the Phillies have extended their lead to four runs. Howard took a curve ball the other way for his second home run in as many nights -- after going the first 11 games of the playoffs without one. (Phillies 5, Rays 1)

Top 5th

With two quick outs, the Rays are going to pinch-hit for pitcher Andy Sonnanstine. And here comes Eric Hinske, who was left off the team's World Series roster but added when Cliff Floyd was replaced due to an injury.

And Hinske launches one. It's deep to center field and off the ivy-covered brick wall that serves as the batter's backdrop. Whoa. It has to be at least a 430-foot blast. And the Rays have cut the lead to three. It's Hinske's first at-bat since Sept. 28, but he ripped that one like he'd been playing every day.

The home run is the 25th for the Rays this postseason, the most ever for an American League team. (Phillies 5, Rays 2)

Bottom 5th

Talk about your good omens. Philies pitcher Joe Blanton joins in the home-run fest with a two-out shot well into the seats in left. And Citizens Bank Park erupts. Blanton becomes the 14th pitcher to hit a home run in a World Series game and the first since Ken Holtzman of the Oakland A's in 1974.

The other three batters to make outs in the inning don't matter to the fans, who keep cheering as Blanton walks out to take the mound in the sixth. (Phillies 6, Rays 2)

Top 6th

If ever there was a time for the Rays' big hitters to come alive, this would be it. Joe Blanton has been incredibly effective all game though, yielding only four hits.

Carlos Pena still doesn't have a hit, but he is able to draw a walk. That brings up Longoria ... but he takes a called third strike on the outside corner. Crawford is hit by a pitch, Blanton's 88th of the night, to put runners on first and second. It's the first time the Rays have had a runner in scoring position all night.

But Blanton comes up with another strikeout, No. 7 tonight, and Dioner Navarro is the third out with no runs crossing the plate. (Phillies 6, Rays 2)

Bottom 6th

The Phillies have their big guns coming up and they're especially dangerous after Jayson Werth strokes a leadoff double. But Edwin Jackson strikes out Chase Utley and after an intentional walk to Ryan Howard, Pat Burrell hits into an inning-ending double play. (Phillies 6, Rays 2)

Top 7th

Joe Blanton's night is over after a leadoff walk to Ben Zobrist. A very nice six-innings plus for Blanton, who will finish the season without a single loss in a Phillies uniform, regular or postseason.

The new pitcher is Chad Durbin, who gets Jason Bartlett on a fly to center but yields a pinch-hit single to Willy Aybar. With two men on and only one out, left-handed hitting Aki Iwamura is due up next so Charlie Manuel goes back to his bullpen for lefty Scott Eyre.

Iwamura goes the other way to left fielder Eric Bruntlett, who was just put into the game to replace Pat Burrell for defensive reasons. And with B.J. Upton coming to the plate, the Phillies go to right-hander Ryan Madson.

On a 3-2 pitch with the runners on the move, Upton strikes out swinging and the Rays get nothing. (Phillies 6, Rays 2)

Bottom 7th

Dan Wheeler is on to pitch for the Rays. Pedro Feliz has an infield single but is erased when Iwamura snags a line drive and doubles Feliz off first base. (Phillies 6, Rays 2)

Top 8th

Ryan Madson, who came on to get the final out of the 7th inning, is back on the hill for the 8th.

In a fitting metaphor for the way things have gone in the Series, struggling sluggers Carlos Pena and Evan Longoria both strike out. They're now a combined 0-for-28 against Phillies pitching. A harmless groundout by Carl Crawford and the inning is over. (Phillies 6, Rays 2)

Bottom 8th

Matt Stairs comes in to pinch-hit for Phillies pitcher Ryan Madson and he receives a loud ovation -- even though he's only batted three times in the postseason. Stairs had a game-clinching home run in Game 5 of the NLCS against the Dodgers. However, he strikes out on a foul tip.

Jimmy Rollins just misses a home run down the right-field line, settling for a double off the wall instead. The next batter, Jayson Werth, doesn't miss it. He scalds one into the left-field seats for a two-run homer that should just about put this game in the deep freeze.

We have another pitching change as Trever Miller will become the Rays' fourth pitcher of the night.

So much for getting out the Phillies' left-handed power hitters. Chase Utley walks and Ryan Howard cranks out another homer, this one deep to right to give him five RBI on the night. The slump is now over, thank you very much. (Phillies 10, Rays 2)

Top 9th

The Phillies' offensive explosion makes it unnecessary to even have Brad Lidge come into the game so J.C. Romero gets the call to close things out. A called strike three on Jason Bartlett is the 11th strikeout by Phillies pitchers.

Pinch-hitter Rocco Baldelli is the final hitter and he -- what else -- strikes out to end the game. (Phillies 10, Rays 2)

WP - Blanton
LP - Sonnanstine

Sunday, October 26, 2008

we can digg the gold in our earth & near your home

Deep in the most remote jungles of South America, Amazon Indians (Amerindians) are using Google Earth, Global Positioning System (GPS) mapping, and other technologies to protect their fast-dwindling home. Tribes in Suriname, Brazil, and Colombia are combining their traditional knowledge of the rainforest with Western technology to conserve forests and maintain ties to their history and cultural traditions, which include profound knowledge of the forest ecosystem and medicinal plants. Helping them is the Amazon Conservation Team(ACT), a nonprofit organization working with indigenous people to conserve biodiversity, health, and culture in South American rainforests. 

ACT was founded by Mark Plotkin, an accomplished author and renowned ethnobotanist, who has spent much of the past 20 years with some of the most isolated indigenous groups in the world. ACT is active in the Amazon, one of the few places where indigenous populations still live in mostly traditional ways. However, like the Amazon rainforest itself, this is rapidly changing. As forests fall to loggers, miners, and farmers, and the allure of western culture attracts younger generations to cities, extensive knowledge of the forest ecosystem and the secrets of life-saving medicinal plants are forgotten. The combined loss of this knowledge and these forests irreplaceably impoverishes the world of cultural and biological diversity. 


Member of the Union of Yagé Healers of the Colombian Amazon (UMIYAC) using GPS to map a section of forest. Photo courtesy of ACT.
ACT has pioneered a novel approach to address these problems by enabling Indians to monitor and protect their forest home while passing on their cultural wealth to future generations. ACT is working in partnership with local governments to train Indians in the use of GPS and the Internet to map and catalog their forest home, helping to better manage and protect ancestral rainforests by monitoring deforestation and preventing illegal incursions on their land. At the same time the efforts are strengthening cultural ties between indigenous youths and their parents and grandparents. 

Googling for forest conservation 

While Indian reservations are nominally protected in parts of Brazil — in fact more than 26 percent of the Brazilian Amazon has been set aside in such reserves — in reality Indian lands in northern South America are suffering from encroachment, especially from illegal miners looking to exploit the region's gold deposits. Since the early 1990s the region that includes parts of French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela, Suriname, Brazil, and Colombia has witnessed a gold rush that has brought tens of thousands of informal miners across lightly patrolled — and sometimes unpatrolled — borders. These mines have wreaked havoc on the local environment, causing deforestation, mercury pollution, and sedimentation of otherwise pristine rivers. The influx of miners has social consequences as well, ranging from violence between miners and indigenous populations to the introduction and spread of diseases like malaria and AIDS. The situation is so problematic that the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ATBC), the world's largest scientific organization devoted to the study and protection of tropical ecosystems, recently passed a resolutioncalling upon governments to take action to stop this illegal and destructive mining. 


GPS data gathering on a mapping expedition in the Amazon. Image courtesy of ACT.
Due to the scale of mining operations and the remoteness of the area, illegal mining has been exceedingly difficult to detect. A clandestine airstrip in cleared forest or a series of riverside sluice boxes can be nearly impossible to pinpoint on the ground, given the vastness of the Amazon. But technology is changing the picture. Google Earth and GPS are proving to be key tools in battling deforestation and helping Indians protect their lands. 

Indians, who have access to the Internet at the ACT offices in several locations in northern South America, use Google Earth to remotely monitor their lands by checking for signs of miners. 

"Google Earth is used primarily for vigilance," Vasco van Roosmalen, ACT's Brazil program director, said in an interview with mongabay.com. "Indians log on to Google Earth and study images, inch by inch, looking to see where new gold mines are popping up or where invasions are occurring. With the newly updated, high-resolution images of the region, they can see river discoloration which could be the product of sedimentation and pollution from a nearby mine. They are able to use these images to find the smallest gold mine." 


Vasco van Roosmalen, ACT's Brazil program director, with a Xingu elder in the southern Amazon. Image courtesy of ACT.


GPS mapping of Tumucumaque in Brazil. Image courtesy of ACT.
Once the Indians pinpoint suspect areas using Google Earth, they note the coordinates, then go on foot patrol to investigate further or mark the spot for future airplane flyovers, where five to six Indians go up with government officials to scout for illegal incursions. Van Roosmalen says that without the aid of satellite imagery, flyovers can be of limited effectiveness due to the extent of the forest. 

"The high-resolution images make it a lot easier to actually find these areas," said Van Roosmalen. "When Google Earth updated these images earlier this year with higher resolution versions, we could find nearly all the disturbances in the forest. Our guys have been finding gold mines we didn't know about at all." 

Van Roosmalen said that ACT has spoken with Google Earth about the project. 

"We made a presentation earlier this year explaining how we use the images," Van Roosmalen recounted. "We offered the Google Earth team a list of coordinates where it would be helpful to have sharper images. We also discussed the possibility of finding ways to include the Indians' nonproprietary data, as a layer with Indian names, on Google Earth." 

Beyond the forest-monitoring capabilities, Google Earth and more generally the Internet, is also helping to strengthen bonds between indigenous children, hungry for technology, and their parents, who are interested in protecting their homeland. 

"We have three Indians working in Macapá, the state capital," Van Roosmalen explained. "The kids are spending time on the computer now and learning very quickly. They are helping their parents use Google Earth to find gold mines near the borders of the indigenous reserve. Not only are the kids having fun with it but they are helping preserve the forest." 

"This is the perfect combo of western technology and indigenous custom and know-how," said Plotkin, president of ACT. "We've got guys painted red and nothing else, walking through the jungle with GPS units mapping their land. That's the sweet spot, the best of both worlds." 

Two headed invisible jaguars here 

"Westerners maps in three dimensions: longitude, latitude, and altitude," explained Plotkin. "Indians think in six: longitude, latitude, altitude, historical context, sacred sites, and spiritual or mythological sites, where invisible creatures mark watersheds and areas of high biodiversity as off-limits to exploitation." 


A model map created by Indians in Brazil. Image courtesy of ACT.
Their maps are also meticulously detailed, including virtually everything associated with a place. 

"Indians mark where they get materials for houses, bamboo, specific vines, places where they find honey and wood for canoes, anything they eat in terms of palm nuts, brazil nuts, Açaí -- rich palm fruit. For example we're working with the Wayana, a warrior tribe. They have marked two specific parts of the forest where they can find wood hard enough for arrow points. They've marked another point on the other side of the reserve where they get hollow wood to craft the arrow shaft," added van Roosmalen. 

The Indians also chart the distribution of medicinal plants -- they use hundreds -- but for security reasons, some highly coveted medicinal plants are not published. In the past there have been problems with biopiracy where outsiders trespass on lands to illegally collect these plants for export. The Indians saw nothing in return. 

In addition to plants, the Indians mark all the places they see animals, including game animals and mythological animals that have deep spiritual meaning. 

"On one of the maps the Kamayura had drawn a two-headed animal, so I asked the shaman what it was," recalls Plotkin. "'A two-headed invisible jaguar' he told me. So I asked if he'd ever seen one. 'No they are invisible and dangerous so we don't go there,' he said. Later I learned that the area marked with the invisible jaguar was a strict no-hunting zone, which was preserved to ensure a breeding refuge for forest wildlife. This was his way of saying that it was a protected area where hunting was not allowed." 


Plotkin with Amasina, a shaman of the Trio tribe in Suriname. Photo courtesy of the Amazon Conservation Team.

Interview with Mark Plotkin, president of the Amazon Conservation Team: Indians are key to rainforest conservation efforts 

Dr. Mark Plotkin, President of the non-profit Amazon Conservation Team, is partnering with indigenous people to conserve biodiversity, health, and culture in South American rainforests. Plotkin, a renowned ethnobotanist and accomplished author (Tales of a Shaman's Apprentice, Medicine Quest) who was named one of Time Magazine's environmental "Hero for the Planet," has spent parts of the past 25 years living and working with shamans in Latin America. Through his experiences, Plotkin has concluded that conservation and the well-being of indigenous people are intrinsically linked -- in forests inhabited by indigenous populations, you can't have one without the other. Plotkin believes that existing conservation initiatives would be better-served by having more integration between indigenous populations and other forest preservation efforts.
There are good reasons that Indians say certain sites are sacred. Watersheds, which ensure clean drinking water, are off-limits to disturbance as are areas of high biodiversity and places with sacred plants. Indians don't want these places over-exploited. 

Besides indicating the location of resources, villages, and geographical features like rivers and creeks, the mapping process has helped reestablish bonds between generations in a society where culture is at risk of extinction. 

"The Tumucumaque map has over 2000 Indian names that never before had been registered," said van Roosmalen. "This is extremely important because behind each name is a story that can serve as a tie to the land." 

"For example when we did one of the first mapping projects, Indians went out into villages and forests to get the names of the places. When they returned, they said it was taking longer than expected because the elders spent half an hour telling them the story behind the name, before they revealed the name. Well, some of these guys thought this through and asked us for tape recorders so they could record these stories, transcribe them into their language, and make a book with the stories behind the names on the map. Now, for the first time, they have educational material about their culture." 

"Look, you want to map your land so you head into the forest with GPS and mark your waypoints and your routes, but the monkey at the end of the creek isn't going to tell you the name and history of a place. All the technology in the world is not going to explain to you the spiritual significance of a spot. No, it's the old guy sitting at the back of the hut, the one you've ignored since you were a kid. He's the one with the knowledge. All of a sudden these old guys are being appreciated as tremendous sources of knowledge by the younger generation, conservation organizations like ACT, and government agencies. Now they see the value of these elders when before no one cared." 

In Brazil, Van Roosmalen says that the maps themselves are helping younger generations better understand the struggles of their parents and grandparents in the 1970s and 1980s to acquire rights to the land. 


GPS Workshop for Union of Yagé Healers of the Colombian Amazon (UMIYAC) in Colombia. Image courtesy of ACT.


Vasco van Roosmalen with Xingu Indians in the Xingu Indigenous Reserve in Brazil's southern Amazon. Image courtesy of ACT.
"The elders are dying. The younger generation hadn't been learning about the stories of their ancestors or their ties to the land. There were no materials for the school. The main reason the elders asked for these maps was the huge responsibility to hold on to their lands. Their forefathers fought so very hard for these territories -- not having ways to learn about this history, the younger generation is not interested in the land." 

"Just last month a researcher told me, 'I thought this land has always been ours. I didn't know we fought so hard for it. Now I need to do a better job of managing it and protecting it.'" 

The maps change all this -- they make culture relevant to the new generation and present an easy way for the old generation to pass on their knowledge. Most importantly, the decision to make the maps was that of the Indians. Van Roosmalen says that ACT just comes in with the methodology, but doesn't tell the Indians what to map. 

"They know they are making these maps for themselves. They decide what goes into these maps," he says. "The maps empower them and make them more self-reliant." 

The maps also have important legal implications for Indians. Maps can be used to establish land rights. For example, says van Roosmalen, in Suriname where there are no indigenous land rights, the maps serve as a very basic tool to help them get rights to their land. In Brazil, vast quantities of land are set aside for Indians but don't have title, meaning that if there is a change to the constitution, they could lose their land. 

"A common question from politicians and developers is 'Why do so few Indians need so much land?'" said van Roosmalen. "When you can illustrate it with these detailed maps -- showing that they are using it for all their various purposes -- it's a much more powerful argument than just having a blank map with a green rectangles drawn on it." 

Eyes and ears for the government 

The maps and Indian involvement also pay dividends for the Brazilian government, concerned about illegal activities and border security. Van Roosmalen says the government has taken an active interest in training Indians in GPS so they can monitor forest areas. 


Keenge downloading GPS mapping data in Suriname. Image courtesy of ACT.
"Brazilian security agencies are very interested in information from indigenous park guards. These guys know these areas better than anyone -- they are the eyes and ear on the ground. With GPS and the Internet, Indians now have the means to pass on information in a form that is useful to the government. Before this technology was available, an Indian might come upon a new airstrip or hear a plane overhead, but he would have no way to communicate with officials. He might know the traditional name for that place but there was no map to identify its location. Now he's able to plot the point on the GPS and look it up on Google Earth. Today he can hand in an entire report with all the supporting information. The government has even linked a database updated by indigenous park guards to national security databases." 

Indigenous people can save rainforests and biodiversity 

The involvement of Indians in monitoring could play a key role in rainforest conservation efforts. Research has found that indigenous reserves have lower deforestation rates than unprotected regions and observations cited by Plotkin, suggests that indigenous reserves may preserve biodiversity and forest cover better than traditional protected areas. 

The story of ACT's chief cartographer in Suriname, as told by Mark Plotkin 

One of my great heroes - Wuta of the Trio tribe in the northeast Amazon - packed up and left the forest to go to the city about a decade ago. He ended up finding employment as a night watchman at a milk factory. You can imagine how much a night watchman makes in a third world country! He started losing weight because he couldn't pick up his bow and arrow to hunt. His kids got malaria because they were living in a slum. He ended up going back to the forest with his family and is now our lead cartographer in the northeast Amazon. He has personally been in charge of mapping 20 million acres of rainforest and training members of four other tribes to do so. 

But the point to all this is he made his own choice, he moved to the city, and once he was there, he said "this is not an attractive proposition here." I believe our job as conservationists in a lot of these cases is to help people make informed choices. I've taken Indian chiefs up in planes, flown them over deforested areas, and said "yes, you guys get jobs if the loggers come in, but what are you going to eat when there's no rainforest?" We've paddled through rivers where gold had been mined and said, "Yeah OK, these guys made some money but now they can't drink the water or the money either - so what are they going to do? But it's your choice."
Plotkin points to Tumucumaque indigenous reserve on the Suriname border as an example. 

"Tumucumaque indigenous reserve is inhabited by 2000 Indians and has one gold mine," he said. "Tumucumaque national park is about the same size, maybe a little smaller, on the border of French Guiana. It's officially inhabited by no one has between 10 and 25 gold mines, depending on who you believe. The fact is where you have people with poison-tipped arrows it's a lot less attractive a proposition to destroy that territory and the one next door." 

Plotkin says that Brazil's extensive indigenous reserves - which cover more than a quarter of the Brazilian Amazon -- have more conservation potential than the country's poorly patrolled national parks which cover less than 7 percent of the territory. 

"If we can help Indians look after their lands as well as watch over after neighboring nature preserves, we'll have tremendous conservation leverage," said Plotkin. "It's our strong belief that the people who best know, use, and protect biodiversity are the indigenous people who live in these forests," said Plotkin. 

Plotkin adds that conservation initiatives would be better-served by having more integration between indigenous populations and other forest preservation efforts since "you can't have rainforest Indians without the rainforest. The best way to protect ancestral rainforests is to help the Indians hold on to their culture, and the best way to help them hold onto their culture is to help them protect the rainforest. " 

Amazon Conservation Team Study about gold

Gold is relatively rare chemical element. 1 million tons of soil contains approximately 5 kg of pure gold. Gold can't be eqnally found in the earth's crust as it forms very few but quite rich deposits. It is estimated that a cube of the edge length of 10 metres could be made from all the gold that is now in the world. Gold has a very characteristic yellow hue. It is uniquely malleable and ductile – one ounce (about 30 g) of pure gold can be beaten up to a tin plate of 30m³ of area. Gold is as hard as lead. It can easily be cut with a knife. It is a very good conductor of electricity and since it doesn't corrode it is often used to coat the electrical contacts. Gold reflects the warm infra – red radiation very well. The purity of gold is described in carates. Pure gold has 24 carats.

The world oceans contain milliards of pure gold, which can be found in different places in too few concentrations to have any practical meaning. Only a few grams o gold can be extracted from 1 million tons of sea-water. This metal is abtained only from its deposits. The easiest method to obtain gold is its scouring. The opencast method depends on mining gold directly from rich deposits of local gold and its minerals.

 

Name

Gold
Latin nameAurum
SymbolAU
Atomic number79
Atomic mass196,967
Melting point1064,4ºC
Boiling point2808ºC
Specific gravity19,3 (20ºC)
Oxidization levelI, III


Glitter of divine gold

Man's fascination of gold is as old as mankind itself. The ancient summers knew gold and appreciated it. The first know jewellery was made by the mysterious Etruscans. The builders of Egyptian Pyramids and obelisks put gold on their tops to pay homage to their god of the sun RA. In the Orient countries gold was the gods and rulers attribute. Special characteristics were attributed to amulets made of gold – they were strength, the owner's position, extra energy and confidence. The tradition of gold decorations and offering gold in token of respect and love – passing different historical windings exists up to now.

Gold has always been a wonderful metal, around which there orginated many legends, became the sourse of metaphors, proverbs and comparisons. There hasn't been an epoch indifferent to the glitter and price of gold. People inherited the worship of this metal from their ancestors. It was the basic measurer of value, the measurer of welfare, the aim of dreams and the way for forgers to lead an easy life.


Golden jewellery

 Gold is a pure element (24 carats) which, in fact, doesn't exist in its pure form in jewellery. 18 – carat jewellery contains 75% of gold and 25% of silver and capper. These „other metals” are precisely determined in the hallmark law so not everything can be mixed with gold as all goods would lose their value. That's why the world has made an agreement that jeweller's articles can be of 23, 21, 18, 14, 12, 10, 9, 8 carats. In an 8 – carat article there is only 33,3 % of pure gold.


Gold in industry

Because of its characteristics pure gold is used in electroplating – to gilt particularly important parts,in electrotechnical industries, where it is used as the anti arroscive layer, to decorative gilt in watch – making, jeweller's and goldsmithing industries (for example: watch envelopes, goods of religious cult and jewellery). In the form of gold foil called gold – leaf, it is used mainly in conservators' studios to renovate works of art. antique interiors or precious picture – frames. In the form of paint gold is used to paint on porcelain and glass. Besides gold is used to make alloys, among which most frequent are the alloys of gold and copper or gold, copper and silver. This ones are used in jeweller's and goldsmith's goods. The alloys of gold and copper are used to coin. Lately gold has been used i modern jet / racket technics and in electronics.


Gold ....................

The percentage of gold contents in the earth's crust is very small, as it  is the amount of 0,000001% of all the elements etering into the composition of the earth structure. In order to compare the above values you should know that the contents of other metals in the earth's crust is as follows – aluminium 7%, iron 5%, limestone and sodium – both 3%, magnesium – 2%. A Russian scientist „Fersman” calculated that in the earth's crust up to the depth of 1000 metres there are resources of 5 million tons. Until 1972 gold mining was limited because of the maintaining of constant rate of a dollar, that was 35$ for an ounce (troy ounce = 31,1 g which is about 1,12$ for 1 gram). At present the official price of gold  at the stock Exchange fluctnates withinthe range of 300 – 400$ for 1 ounce, which means that in a few years the price of gold increased 10 times and in 1978 it reached the value of 800$ for an ounce. In Poland gold was mined – at the beginning of the 1950's – in ZÅ‚oty Stok near KÅ‚odzko, while mining arenic ores, and the annual profit fluctuated within the range of 30 – 50 kg. In the Middle Ages ZÅ‚oty Stok was one of the biggest gold mines in Europe. Nowadays there is the only museum in Poland showing the technics and ways of gold mining in those times. The names of other localities such as ZÅ‚otogóra or ZÅ‚otoryja, indicate that gold was olso mined there.

Gold can be found in nature in its natural form as nugget or i the form of chemical compounds mainly with tellurium. In the natural form it exist as slugs or granulated, as so – called gold sand. Gold is often among some metal ores such as pyrite – iron bisulphide or arsenic pyrite – arsenic sulphide. The biggest nuggest so ever was found in the mines of New South Wales and weighted 236 kg.


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            Tuesday, October 21, 2008

            BIG BANG New results by NASA

            NEW IMAGE OF INFANT UNIVERSE REVEALS ERA OF FIRST STARS, AGE OF COSMOS, AND MORE

             

            New full sky image courtesy of WMAP

            Image 1

             

            NASA today released the best “baby picture” of the Universe ever taken, which contains such stunning detail that it may be one of the most important scientific results of recent years.

            The new cosmic portrait -- capturing the afterglow of the Big Bang, called the cosmic microwave background -- was captured by scientists using NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) during a sweeping 12-month observation of the entire sky.

             

            comparison image between the findings of COBE and WMAP

            Image/animation 2

            Click here to get the animation of the morph from COBE's findings to WMAP's. Note: 6.32 MB

            "We've captured the infant Universe in sharp focus, and from this portrait we can now describe the Universe with unprecedented accuracy," said Dr. Charles L. Bennett of the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt Md., and the WMAP Principal Investigator. "The data are solid, a real gold mine."

            One of the biggest surprises revealed in the data is that the first generation of stars to shine in the Universe first ignited only 200 million years after the Big Bang, much earlier than many scientists had expected.

            In addition, the new portrait precisely pegs the age of the Universe at 13.7 billion years old, with a remarkably small one percent margin of error.

             

            Image 3

             

            The WMAP team found that the Big Bang and Inflation theories continue to ring true. The contents of the Universe include 4% atoms (ordinary matter), 23% of an unknown type of dark matter, and 73% of a mysterious dark energy. The new measurements even shed light on the nature of the dark energy, which acts as a sort of an anti-gravity.

            "These numbers represent a milestone in how we view our Universe," said Dr. Anne Kinney, NASA director for astronomy and physics. "This is a true turning point for cosmology."

             

            Image 4

             

            The light we see today as the cosmic microwave background has traveled over 13 billion years to reach us. Within this light are infinitesimal patterns that mark the seeds of what later grew into clusters of galaxies and the vast structure we see all around us.

            Patterns in the Big Bang afterglow were frozen in place only 380,000 years after the Big Bang, a number nailed down by this latest observation. These patterns are tiny temperature differences within this extraordinarily evenly dispersed microwave light bathing the Universe, which now averages a frigid 2.73 degrees above absolute zero temperature. WMAP resolves slight temperature fluctuations, which vary by only millionths of a degree.

             

            Image 5

             

            Theories about the evolution of the Universe make specific predictions about the extent of these temperature patterns. Like a detective, the WMAP team compared the unique "fingerprint" of patterns imprinted on this ancient light with fingerprints predicted by various cosmic theories and found a match.

            WMAP will continue to observe the cosmic microwave background for an additional three years, and its data will reveal new insights into the theory of Inflation and the nature of the dark energy.

             

             

            Image/animation 6

            Click on image to play animation. Note: 5 MB

            "This is a beginning of a new stage in our study of the early Universe," said WMAP team member Prof. David N. Spergel of Princeton University, N.J. "We can use this portrait not only to predict the properties of the nearby universe, but can also use it to understand the first moments of the Big Bang."

            WMAP is named in honor of David Wilkinson of Princeton University, a world-renown cosmologist and WMAP team member who died in September 2002.

            Launched on June 30, 2001, WMAP maintains a distant orbit about the second Lagrange Point, or "L2," a million miles from Earth.

             

            Image/animation 7

            Click on image to play animation. Note: 2.07 MB

            WMAP is the result of a partnership between the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Princeton University. Additional Science Team members are located at Brown University, Providence R.I., the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, the University of Chicago, and the University of California, Los Angeles. WMAP is part of the Explorer program, managed by NASA Goddard.

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            Related Links

            For more information contact:

            Nancy Neal
            NASA Headquarters
            Washington, DC
            (Phone: 202/358-2369)

            Bill Steigerwald
            Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Md.
            (Phone: 301/286-5017)

            MAP Glossary (PDF File)

            MAP Primer (PDF File)

            You must have Acrobat Reader (a free download) to view the files above. The link to downoad Acrobat Reader can be found here.

            For more press images visit the MAP web site by clicking here.